Einflüsse auf individellen Ebene (Forschung)

Dr. Ratto, Dienstag, 08.12.2015, 12:28 (vor 3271 Tagen) @ H. Lamarr

Zu der Einordnung und Bewertung der Ergebnisse geben die Autoren im Volltext nähere Angaben. Hier einige Auszüge aus der Diskussion:

There was a significant correlation between the number of significantly affected variables under GSM and the number observed under WCDMA/UMTS exposure, indicating that some subjects maybe more vulnerable to exposure effects than others. Results based on sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, total sleep time and stage N1 indicate that individuals are differentially affected. Under GSM exposure 16.7% (5) showed a better sleep, while in an equal number sleep quality was worse. Under WCDMA/UMTS exposure 6.7% (2) showed a better sleep while 13.3% (4) showed a disturbed sleep. However, the majority did not show a clear pattern of effects.

Soweit ich das als Techniker verstehe, ist ein Increase, also ein Zuwachs an REM-Phasen (länger oder häufiger) unter Funkeinwirkung kein Schaden, sondern ein Vorteil für die Betroffenen.

Da sind die Autoren vorsichtiger, sehen es aber ähnlich:

There is no unique answer to the question what an increased stage R sleep means for sleep quality. Pieces of information on the significance of stage R sleep come from several sources like studies on sleep and memory consolidation, pharmacological interventions or sleep in patients with insomnia. Our own research on sleep and memory consolidation in elderly subjects revealed that a pharmacological augmentation of REM sleep led to a significant positive effect on procedural memory consolidation (Hornung et al.,2007). There are several reviews underscoring the significance of REM sleep for sleep related memory consolidation (e.g., Genzel et al.(2015), Landmann et al.(2015), Rasch and Born (2013) and van der Helm and Walker(2011)).
A recent study on insomnia has shown that patients suffering from primary insomnia had less REM sleep and more arousals during REM sleep than healthy matched controls without any sleep disorder. These findings led to the REM sleep instability hypothesis of insomnia (Riemann et al.,2012). This hypothesis is further substantiated by the results of a meta-analysis showing that not only a disruption of sleep continuity and slow wave sleep corresponds to the impaired subjective sleep quality in insomnia, but also a reduction in REM sleep (Baglioni et al.,2014). The detrimental role of disrupted REM sleep in the pathophysiology of insomnia is further confirmed by pharmacological studies on the treatment of insomnia.

Die Autoren sind offensichtlich der Meinung, dass die beobachteten Effekte thermisch sein könnten, und zwar vermittelt über die Hauttemperatur:

The significance of skin temperature for the regulation of sleep and vigilance was also discussed in a review by Romeijn et al. (2012), who described the neuroanatomical pathways and physiological mechanisms behind it.In an experimental study of the latter research group it was shown that distal cooling and proximal warming by manipulating temperature of a comfortable thermosuit led to an improved sleep quality in narcolepsy patients (Fronczeketal., 2008). Even subtle skin temperature manipulations resulted in a 160% increase in slow wave sleep, a 68% decrease in wakefulness,and an increase in REM sleep of 50%. Furthermore, (Raymann et al.,2008) could show that a distal heating of skin temperature(by approximately 0.4 °C) with a virtually unchanged core body temperature lead to statistically significant increase in REM sleep in both young subjects and elderly subjects without sleep complaints.

Die REM-Schlafphase konnte bei allen bisher untersuchten Säugetieren mit Ausnahme des Delphins und des Ameisenigels beobachtet werden.

Auch hierzu haben die Autoren interessante Angaben gefunden

Another argument for ambient temperature effects on REM sleep comes from a study on phylogenetic aspects o fREM sleep. An initial study of sleep in echidna(Tachyglossus aculeatus), an egg-laying monotreme, which diverged from the evolutionary lines of other mammals more than 100 million years ago, failed to identify REM sleep although all relevant brain structures were present (Allison et al.,1972). This led to the assumption that REM sleep evolved twice, independently in birds and in mammals. In this early study, however, ambient temperature was not controlled. When Nicol et al.(2000) investigated sleep again in echidna under various ambient temperature conditions they observed a muchhigheramountofREMsleepat25 °C thanat20 °C. Thus, its seems more probable that REM sleep evolved only once in a common reptilian ancestor than twice in birds and mammals. In the context of this paper it is interesting to state that the occurrence of REM sleep varies with the ambient temperature.

Anmerkung: Echidna ist der Ameisenigel, der zusammen mit dem Schnabeltier zu den Ur-Säugetieren gehört. Diese können ihre Temperatur regeln, haben aber eine gerunge metabolische Rate und eine niedrigere Körpertemperatur als andere Säugtiere.

Fazit:
- Bei einzelnen Personen kann der Schlaf verbessert oder verschlechtert sein, einen allgemeinen Trend gibt es nicht.
- Der einzige konsistente Effekt, der Anstieg im REM Schlaf, ist eher positiv zu werten.
- Die Effekte könnten thermisch und über die Hauttemperatur vermittelt sein.